Thursday, December 26, 2019
Popular Chainsaw Brands You Can Buy on Amazon
A survey was conducted several years ago to determine the popularity of chainsaw brands used by woodsmen users in the United States. Listed in the survey included both dealer-supported saws and big box saws sold at local hardware chains. The list also included boxed products to include Poulan, Craftsman, Remington, Hitachi as well as dealer-sold saws including Husqvarna, Stihl, Jonsered, and Echo. Husqvarna Barely Beatsà Stihl One interesting observation in the survey was that dealer-serviced saws topped the popularity list. With over 3,100 votes cast, Husqvarna was narrowly selected over Stihl as the chainsaw of choice voted on by Forestry readers. Here are the percentages of preference and ranked by saw brand: Husqvarna - 41%Stihl - 40%Jonsered -à 7%Echo - 4%All others - 8% Voting for a favorite saw was extremely close between the first and second place brands. Husqvarna and Stihl are by far the most popular saws in America according to this survey. Although this was not a scientific survey, these saw brands were acclaimed to be the preferred saws of the survey readership; most, if not all these models, have high ratings. It should be noted that industry competition and availability of dealers change as do these rankings locally. It has become obvious over the years that a local branded service center increases sales. Buying available service with a warranty guarantee is as, if not more important than the price paid for the chainsaw. A power tool will malfunction over time and you will need service and parts over the life of the saw, as noted by power equipment dealer Tom Bernosky in a saw industry trade magazine. ââ¬Å"Always remember when buying any machine, buy from somebody who can service. You will only hurt yourself and your business by buying something at a mart-type store. Iââ¬â¢m not saying you canââ¬â¢t buy mail order, just make sure they do the service work. If they donââ¬â¢t, your warranty isnââ¬â¢t worth the paper itââ¬â¢s printed on.â⬠Tom Bernosky Latest Chainsaw Medium Power Picks For non-professional but regular chainsaw users, several models are recommended. Power models are usually heavier, have more cubic centimeters of displacement (- 40 ccs) and tend to come standard with 16 bars. These saws are primarily picked by resource managers, forest and landscape owners, and businesses who use saws regularly but are not professional timber fellers. They will cost slightly more than smaller saws and are typically on sale from between $250 and $350 each. See the top most voted for chainsaws below. Voted #1:à Husqvarna Saws Swedish company Husqvarna builds chainsaws for both the professional and casual user and is available for purchase on Amazon. A Husky saw has excellent power-to-weight ratios but does not compromise on a slim saw body design and on lightness. Husqvarna saws are built with LowVib, Air Injection, and a Smart Start function that makes them very easy to start. All saws have mandatory safety features and offerà a variety of chainsaw for every requirement. The recommended top bargain power modelà is the Husqvarna 440E Chainsaw. Voted #2:à Stihl Saw Germanys Stihl has been in the chainsaw business for over 70 years but only sells through exclusive dealerships. They have developed a slim saw form and continually developà significant advances in saw technology. The Stihl saw has an anti-vibe technology for fatigue free operation and they claim to be leading manufacturer of saws worldwide. All saws have mandatory safety features and offerà a variety of chainsaw for every requirement. The recommended topà bargain power modelà (Consumer Reports Listing)à is theà Stihl MS 180C Chainsaw. Voted #3:à Jonsered Saws Jonseredââ¬â¢s from Gothenburg, Sweden and has been producing wood processing machinery since the 1880ââ¬â¢s. Dealerships have not been fully developed in all areas of North America but are great sawsà if backed up by a local dealer and are sold online. The Jonsered actually produced the prototype for todayââ¬â¢s modern one-man chainsaw. The recommended topà bargain power modelà is theà Jonsered CS2238 Chainsaw and can be purchased on Amazon. Voted #4:à Echo Saws Echo is Japans leading manufacturer of chainsaws and sells to professionals and casual private users alike. They are currently challenging the bigger companies from Germany and Scandinavia. Echo has earned a following among power saw users for giving outstanding performance and dependability. The recommendedââ¬â¹Ã¢â¬â¹Ã power modelà is the Echo Chainsaw CS 310.
Wednesday, December 18, 2019
Should Sexual Risk Avoidance Education Be Taught At All...
Madeline Martinez EQ: SHOULD SEXUAL RISK AVOIDANCE EDUCATION BE TAUGHT IN ALL U.S. PUBLIC SCHOOLS? Introduction The following words were shown and defined in a textbook: BDSM, bondage, dom/domme, sub, top, bottom, switches. These words, which are related to the sexual practice of BDSM, happened to be presented in Your Health Today, a health textbook that was proposed to be used in Fremont, California just this past summer. The words and those like it, unlike in this paper, were defined and discussed and also mentioned different methods of this practice. Not only was the subject of BDSM discussed, but information was also provided about masturbation, orgasms, and sex toys. Many believe that these topics are too mature for fourteen year old freshmen, which would have been the target audience. But there are also people who believe that these things are natural, part of life, and normal for teenagers to be curious about. All parents believe that sex education is necessary; however, some parents thought that sexual education should teach farther than anatomy, STIs, and pregnancies because those are the only necessities, in their eyes. This book caused an outrage from more than a thousand parents who signed a petition to have the book pulled. As of right now, the school is using the old, outdated book they have been using for years (ââ¬Å"Healthâ⬠). Although the extreme case in Fremont is not representative of the national conversation, people throughout the country are discussing sexShow MoreRelatedSex Education And The Early 19th Century1204 Words à |à 5 PagesSex education is instruction on issues relating to human sexuality, including emotional relations and responsibilities, human sexual anatomy, sexual activity, sexual reproduction, age of consent, reproductive health, reproductive rights, safe sex, birth control, and abstinence. 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There are about 400,000 teen births every year in the U.S, with about 9 billion in associated public costs. STI contraction in general, as well as teen pregnancy, have put the subject even more so on the forefront of the nationââ¬â¢s leading issues. The approach and method for proper and effective sex education has been hotly debated. Some believe that teachingRead MoreSchool Based Health Clinics Should Be Essential Schools2727 Words à |à 11 Pagesdelivery. School-based health centers guarantee that from elementary through high school, students can have an annual physical, treated for acute illnesses, their eyes checked and their teeth examined, and speak to a mental health counselor during or after class without the barriers that the families too often are challenged with. Students are often absent from school or leave school early due to non-emergency and non-contagious issues. 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Academy of Management Executive, 2000, Vol. 14, No. 1 Beyond sophisticated stereotyping: Cultural sensemakingn i context Joyce S. Osland and Allan Bird Executive Overview Much ofRead MoreAgeism in Healthcare6728 Words à |à 27 Pageswithin this context, with a focus on examining the lack of geriatric training medical professionals receive and the limited number of existing programs designed to train these professionals in geriatrics. Attention is then turned to this issue from a public policy perspective, first by analyzing the current elderly healthcare discrimination policy in place at the federal level, and then by uncovering the federal, state, and local policy initiatives and other potential avenues available to address theRead MoreJob Satisfaction : Traditional And Modern Study4181 Words à |à 17 Pagesperiod, enter families were employed. It was not uncommon for children as young as eight years old to be employed as workers. Individual State governments, not the Federal government stepped in to pass laws to address child labor issues as a result of public pressure. Perera (2014) discusses the criticality of how scientific information influenced policy regarding childrenââ¬â¢s overall wellbeing between 1870 and 1900; which played a significant role in the events that led up to the passing of the Child LaborRead MoreDomestic violence Essay examples7765 Words à |à 32 Pagesviolence is domestic violence against a spouse or other intimate partner. Domestic violence can take place in heterosexual or same-sex relationships. Domestic violence can take a number of forms including physical, emotional, verbal, economic and sexual abuse, which can range from subtle, coercive forms to marital rape and to violent physical abuse that results in disfigurement or death. Globally, a wife or female partner is more commonly the victim of domestic violence, though the victim can alsoRead MorePharmaceutical Industry Ethical Practices13569 Words à |à 55 Pagesreport is to be produced to explore ethical issues in Pharmaceutical Marketing in Pakistan and espe cially with reference to the theoretical knowledge gained in the class lectures The report is required to be submitted on 8th, Dec 2011. Sincerely All Group Members, BBA-V, Institute of Business Administration LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL December 8, 2011 Ms. Tania Danish Course Instructor, Ethics in Corporate Society, Institute of Business Administration, Karachi Subject: PHARMACEUTICAL
Tuesday, December 10, 2019
Implementation Of Activity Based Costing In Developing Countries Accounting Essay Example For Students
Implementation Of Activity Based Costing In Developing Countries Accounting Essay Activity based costing ( ABC ) is invariably replacing the traditional accounting system. ABC introduced by Professor Kaplan and Cooper of Business School of University of Harvard. ABC is method that lists and measures the cost of each activity that facilitates the production to present the merchandise and service to client. ( Sohal and Walter, 1998 ) The usage of Activity-Based Costing ( ABC ) in the West is really common as it provides more dependable information about the cost associated with bring forthing the merchandise. But in comparing with the developing states it is non so popular ; this may be because of the complexness of the accounting system or the cost associated with the execution or the cognition required for the execution of the system. ( Liua and Panb, 2007 ) Activity-based Costing ( ABC ) helps us to place with the different cost activities for the each merchandise, service, or client by ciphering the cost that arises from bring forthing or doing or presenting the merchandise or service. ABC delivers more specific information than traditional accounting system because it identifies the relationship between the cost driver and the activities associated with the production of that merchandise. It helps to detect those activities those are non-efficient and does non add value to the public presentation of the activity ; therefore it helps the organisation to work the chance to cut down cost and maximise net income. ABC is an ideal manner to pull off activities and better the quality of activities by inquiring why and how good activities are adding value to merchandises and services. ( Moore, 2000 ) . The chief concern in the field of accounting is to detect the different factors that contribute the success of direction accounting system. Activity Based Costing ( ABC ) is to a great extent used in the direction accounting for more than a decennary. The acceptance rate of ABC is about 20 % in the larger companies ( Pike and Tayles ) . ABC is non merely successful in the field of industrial fabrication system but besides it is successful in the field of wellness sector, public utilities, sweeping and retail organisation. In add-on to its application in a broad assortment of commercial fabrication concern it has besides been adopted by public public-service corporations, by sweeping and retail administrations. The acceptance rate in the Far East is non so mention worthy because of complexness in implementing the system ; it deals with tonss of proficient issues. The most important drawback of ABC execution is that, the users of ABC end product are non much aware of this new system, t hey are more acute to utilize the traditional accounting system, therefore it is necessary to guarantee that the member of direction who uses it are good knowledge about the ABC system, supplying preparation for the underscoring the logic, design, and execution of ABC. There is no grounds that, the execution of ABC will be successful, if the organisation is large, the direction understands the value of result, but it depends on how expeditiously and efficaciously the direction can do correlativity with the system for the better result of the ABC system. ( Pike and Tayles ) Outline1 Article one: Bank OF CHINA2 Bank of China and ABC execution3 Reasons of failure ABC execution in Bank of China4 Article Two: Thulium5 Company background6 Reasons of ABC execution7 ABC execution procedure8 Execution jobs9 Advantage of utilizing ABC10 Article three: Xu Ji Electric Co. Ltd.11 Company background12 Implementation procedure in Xu Ji13 Success factors of Xu Ji14 Decision: Article one: Bank OF CHINA Bank of China, established in 1912, runing for about 100 old ages is the largest fiscal organisation in China. It serves the Chinese economic system for the well being of society by supplying banking service. The chief end of Bank of China is to entice foreign investing and aid in developing the Chinese economic system every bit good as the market. The bank serves the state by it 1000 subdivisions across the state ( Abdallah and Wei, 2008 ) . Bank of China and ABC execution Every company finds manner to minimise its cost. Bank of China is non an exclusion. For this ground the top direction of Bank of China decided to present activity-based costing system with a position to minimise its cost in 2005. The debut of ABC system was induced by several factors. First of wholly, from the mid 1990 s different good celebrated bank came to China to make concern as Chinese economic system started to din and it was a attractive market for the foreign Bankss, Bank of China was confronting challenge from those foreign Bankss. Second, it wanted to present portion in the capital market. Third, the promotion of foreign bank in China compelled Bank of China to pull off its resource more efficaciously and expeditiously. For the aforesaid survey findings Bank of China wanted to implement ABC, although the execution was really slow and in most subdivisions the execution was halted ( Abdallah and Wei, 2008 ) . Reasons of failure ABC execution in Bank of China The ground of failure ABC execution in Bank of China can be viewed from the undermentioned treatments. Vague concern end: The debut of ABC was done by the section of accounting, but there were no representative from any other section who was the user of the ABC system, because deficiency of involvement in ABC. This resulted loss of motive and letdown in the accounting section. On the contrary, most of the member of staff of different section of Bank of China was confused about ABC. Because, the end of ABC was non clear among the employees and most of the employees thought that, it would merely do a binding of the disbursement bound. Some employees thought that, it would assist the organisation to modify the procedure of work ; on the other manus some employees thought that, the construction of the organisation will be restructured. The general director of the Bank of China thought that, ABC would assist the company to increase the answerability in the different section of the organisation. So, it is really much evident that, the end of the execution of ABC in Bank of China was non cle ar. Holocaust Rememberance Day EssayAnother committed was formed which included top direction. TM besides hired specialised advisers to develop the concerned employees to do knowing about the ABC. Then they identified the different cost drivers. The company besides wanted to do certain everyone knows about the new system that s why they invited relevant sections staff to work with them and to cognize about the system. The top direction supported them in every manner. They besides provided computing machine preparation for the employees. ( Majid and Sulaiman, 2008 ) TM used ABC for pricing of the merchandise, doing determinations about merchandise end product, managing of cost, for cut downing cost, planing new merchandise, profitableness analysis of client, betterment in the procedure and for planing new merchandise. Furthermore, they used ABC for measuring public presentation. Execution jobs At the really beginning, the top disposal of the company was non so motivated. They perceived that, it was same accounting system that was predominating so. So, it would merely be a waste of clip and money above all the waste of company resources. They besides thought that, there was more serious job than the debut of new accounting system. For the better apprehension of the benefit of the debut of ABC, bing director made a pilot trial to elicit involvement among the top authorization. The lower degree of the company was besides non convinced to accept the new accounting system. As employees did non hold cognition about the ABC accounting system. As engineering alterations more quickly, new cost drivers had to be introduced by the terminal of primary designation of cost drivers. ( Majid and Sulaiman, 2008 ) Advantage of utilizing ABC ABC helped the company to cognize about the non-value added activity and the occupations which was done non-effectively. With the usage ABC directors were able to do more precise determinations. Furthermore, TM managed to cut down the clip and waste of resources. They besides identified that they were paying high cost for the overtime costs ( Majid and Sulaiman, 2008 ) . By the debut of ABC, TM developed a procedure flow. ABC helps relevant section directors to place those costs which are high. After the debut of ABC, TM was able to keep its resources more expeditiously and efficaciously. Article three: Xu Ji Electric Co. Ltd. Company background Xu Ji is public limited company on Shen Zhen Stock Exchange in China. The company produces different electrical merchandises. The Xu Ji was ever wanted to maintain gait with the latest direction thoughts ; it took those thoughts which were successful in the West. As ABC was successful in the West Xu Ji was besides interested to implement the ABC. Implementation procedure in Xu Ji As competition was turning in the electronics sector, Xu Ji felt the demand to present ABC. The traditional accounting system is unable to place the departmental net income but in contrast to this ABC is able to happen out net income of single section. The traditional accounting system use direct labour hr cost, distribute operating expense across the production lines, which give incorrect merchandise cost and incorrect thought about the net income of each merchandise class. As the market demands merchandises in inexpensive monetary value, it was truly absurd for Xu Ji to sell merchandises in a inexpensive monetary value as they did non cognize about the cost driver of each merchandise. The ABC execution in Xu Ji was conducted by a squad ; it included all the members from each section. For the successful execution of ABC a theoretical account was designed to place fabrication cost drivers and different cost activities. To make it more expeditiously, computing machine automated system was introduced. But it was non so fruitful as the house which was helping in ABC mechanization was inexperienced. This drawback was solved by the Xu Ji by attaching the relevant forces with the package mechanization squad. The chief drawback of the mechanization system was that it needed manual input of the informations. Success factors of Xu Ji Xu Ji was successful in the execution of for several grounds. All the section was working together to do a fruitful result. The mechanization of ABC was a great challenge as all the parties involved in the mechanization procedure were incognizant of ABC but this challenge was successfully met by the united attempt of all the parties. Proper preparation was made for the relevant forces who were in charge of implementing the ABC. The end of the group and the company was similar. Before full execution of the ABC, a pilot trial was done to judge the result of the ABC. Decision: For the better execution of ABC it is necessary that, the support of the top degree of direction is really of import. As ABC is a new system for many organisation and there must be a cognition sharing procedure throughout the organisation. The user who will implement the ABC must be associated with the determination. Training for the employees is necessary. The cost drivers must be identified accurately. Before full execution of ABC, every organisation should run a pilot trial. The cost of system i.e. the computing machine mechanization system cost must be taken into history. The new system must look into what would be fiscal impact of execution of ABC. The ground behind the non-popularity of ABC in developing state is that it needs a batch of attempt to implement, every bit good as cost is associated with the execution. Last but non the least, for successful execution of ABC a perfect theoretical account, program, appropriate cognition and expertness is required.
Monday, December 2, 2019
Ronald Reagan Presided Over The United States From 1981 To 1989. Even
Ronald Reagan presided over the United States from 1981 to 1989. Even though the country was experiencing major economic and social problems, he was popular for the majority of the time he was in office. Throughout his presidency, he and his administration worked continuously to build his image as a true American. Partially because of his image, the public ignored the rise in unemployment, the drop in salaries, the increase of people living in poverty, the increase of children born out of wedlock, and the rising number of people in jail. Reagan was popular because the public was focussing on his image and his promises, not what was actually happening. Ronald Reagan's inaugural speech had a patriotic theme. In it, he stated that the country, which had unlimited potential, was limiting itself by jeopardizing its future. Striving to create a sense of confidence, he pledged to "cut taxes and end deficit spending" and to restore the glory of the United States (35). He sensed what the public wanted, and he promised to achieve it. Throughout his terms, he wanted them to feel that life was improving, whether it actually was or was not. Reagan's image played a key role in his popularity. To his oath taking on inauguration day, he wore a formal suit. The public approved of his formal attire; his glamorous image seemed to promise that prosperity and security were in store. His good looks and sense of humor won over the public, and his self-confidence persuaded them to trust in him. His acting ability allowed him to convince his audience that everything he said would happen; the audience automatically trusted him to take care of them. To give him the appearance of a hard worker, his staff released a daily schedule that showed him working long hours. To protect his image, his staff allowed him to take part in few news conferences. His strong, self-confident image would be shattered if the public saw his confusion that resulted from his partial deafness and the unexpected questions. When he did not say anything worth printing, White House spokesman Larry Speakes would supply a quote. Reagan increased his patriotic image by hosting a party in celebration of the Statue of Liberty. Leslie Stahl, a reporter for CBS, called him a "symbol of pride in America" (64). Along with his image, the public also fell in love with his personality. They enjoyed hearing his speeches, filled with entertaining anecdotes and jokes. Knowing that he meant well, they overlooked his factual errors. Most people did not realize that somebody else had written the President's speeches, anecdotes, and jokes. His sense of humor also fascinated the public when he joked about John Hinckley's assassination attempt on him. His popularity increased, and he received increased support from both the public and Congress. Reagan had an "instinctive ability to reassure and soothe...grieving Americans" after a tragedy (54). After the Challenger exploded in early 1986, he gave a speech that emphasized renewal, saying that Americans must move forward and achieve great accomplishments to honor those who died. Reagan also made an effort to meet his promises. In order to lower taxes and to build up the military, Reagan met with Congress about 70 times to discuss the issues. Reagan's administration and the media were other key reasons for his popularity. James Baker, Edwin Meese, and Michael Deaver, all three of whom occupied major positions in the White House, "sensed the public's strong desire to see a president succeed and understood that the media could play a critical role in assuring success" (54). His staff welcomed the media in hopes of controlling them and gave them many opportunities to photograph Reagan working. To appeal to a television audience, Reagan gave many speeches specifically written to appeal to their emotions. An article on television criticized Reagan, contrasting his attendance of the Handicapped Olympics with the reduction of federal support for the handicapped. The article was to his advantage; the pictures of him with the red, white, and blue increased his patriotic image. The viewers saw the pictures of him, glorifying his image and ignoring the message of the article. During the 1984 Presidential Election, Reagan's administration concentrated its effort on proving his main opponent,
Wednesday, November 27, 2019
History of the Scientific Revolution
History of the Scientific Revolution Human history is often framed as a series of episodes, representing sudden bursts of knowledge. The Agricultural Revolution, the Renaissance, and theà Industrial Revolutionà are just a few examples of historical periods where it is generally thought that innovation moved more rapidly than at other points in history, leading to huge and sudden shake-ups in science, literature, technology, and philosophy.à Among the most notable of theseà is the Scientific Revolution, which emerged just as Europe was awakening from an intellectual lull referred to by historians as the dark ages. The Pseudo-Science of the Dark Ages Much of what was considered known about the natural world during the early middle ages in Europe dated back to the teachings of the ancient Greeks and Romans. And for centuries after the downfall of the Roman empire, people still generally didnââ¬â¢t question many of these long-held concepts or ideas, despite the many inherent flaws. The reason for this was because such ââ¬Å"truthsâ⬠about the universe were widely accepted by the Catholic church, which so happened to be the main entity responsible for the widespread indoctrination of western society at the time. Also, challenging church doctrine was tantamount to heresy back then and thus doing so ran the risk of being trialed and punished for pushing counter ideas. à An example of a popular but unproven doctrine was the Aristotelian laws of physics. Aristotle taught that the rate at which an object fell was determined by its weight since heavier objects fell faster than lighter ones. He also believed that everything beneath the moon was comprised of four elements: earth, air, water, and fire. As for astronomy, Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemyââ¬â¢s earth-centric celestial system, in which heavenly bodies such as the sun, moon, planets and various stars all revolved around the earth in perfect circles, served as the adopted model of planetary systems. And for a time, Ptolemyââ¬â¢s model was able to effectively preserve the principle of an earth-centered universe as it was fairly accurate in predicting the motion of the planets. When it came to the inner workings of the human body, the science was just as error-ridden. The ancient Greeks and Romans used a system of medicine called humorism, which held that illnesses were the result of an imbalance of four basic substances or ââ¬Å"humors.â⬠The theory was related to the theory of the four elements. So blood, for instance, would correspond with air and phlegm corresponded with water. Rebirth and Reformation Fortunately, the church would, over time, begin to lose its hegemonic grip on the masses. First, there was the Renaissance, which, along with spearheading a renewed interest in the arts and literature, led to a shift toward more independent thinking. The invention of the printing press also played an important role as it greatly expanded literacy as well as enabled readers to reexamine old ideas and belief systems. And it was around this time, in 1517 to be exact, that Martin Luther, a monk who was outspoken in his criticisms against the Catholic Churchs reforms, authored his famous 95 theses that listed all of his grievances. Luther promoted his 95 theses by printing them out on a pamphlet and distributing them among the crowds. He also encouraged churchgoers to read the bible for themselves and opened the way for other reform-minded theologians such as John Calvin. The Renaissance, along with Lutherââ¬â¢s efforts, which led to a movement known as the Protestant Reformation, would both serve to undermine the churchââ¬â¢s authority on all matters that were essentially mostly pseudoscience. And in the process, this burgeoning spirit of criticism and reform made it so that the burden of proof became more vital to understanding the natural world, thus setting the stage for the scientific revolution. Nicolaus Copernicus In a way, you can say that the scientific revolution started out as the Copernican Revolution. The man who started it all, Nicolaus Copernicus, was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who was born and raised in the Polish city of ToruÃ
â. He attended the University of Cracow, later continuing his studies in Bologna, Italy. This is where he met astronomer Domenico Maria Novara and the two soon began exchanging scientific ideas that often challenged the long-accepted theories of Claudius Ptolemy. Upon returning to Poland, Copernicus took up a position as a canon. Around 1508, he quietly started developing a heliocentric alternative to Ptolemyââ¬â¢s planetary system. To correct some of the inconsistencies that made it insufficient to predict planetary positions, the system he eventually came up with placed the Sun at the center instead of the Earth. And in Copernicusââ¬â¢ heliocentric solar system, the speed in which Earth and other planets circled the Sun was determined by their distance from it. Interestingly enough, Copernicus wasnââ¬â¢t the first to suggest a heliocentric approach to understanding the heavens. The ancient Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos, who lived in the third century B.C., had proposed a somewhat similar concept much earlier that never quite caught on. The big difference was that Copernicusââ¬â¢ model proved to be more accurate at predicting the movements of the planets. à à Copernicus detailed his controversial theories in a 40-page manuscript titled Commentariolus in 1514 and in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), which was published right before his death in 1543. Not surprisingly, Copernicusââ¬â¢ hypothesis enraged the Catholic church, which eventually banned De revolutionibus in 1616. Johannes Kepler Despite the Churchââ¬â¢s indignation, Copernicusââ¬â¢ heliocentric model generated a lot of intrigue among scientists. One of these people who developed a fervent interest was a young German mathematician named Johannes Kepler. In 1596, Kepler published Mysterium cosmographicum (The Cosmographic Mystery), which served as the first public defense of Copernicusââ¬â¢ theories. The problem, however, was that Copernicusââ¬â¢ model still had its flaws and was not completely accurate in predicting planetary motion. In 1609, Kepler, whose main work was coming up with a way to account for the way Marsââ¬â¢ would periodically move backward, published Astronomia ââ¬â¹nova (New Astronomy). In the book, he theorized that planetary bodies didnââ¬â¢t orbit the Sun in perfect circles as Ptolemy and Copernicus had both assumed, but rather along an elliptical path. à à à à à Besides his contributions to astronomy, Kepler made other notable discoveries. He figured out that it was refraction that allows for the eyesââ¬â¢ visual perception and used that knowledge to develop eyeglasses for both nearsightedness and farsightedness. He was also able to describe how a telescope worked. And whatââ¬â¢s less known was that Kepler was able to calculate the birth year of Jesus Christ. Galileo Galilei Another contemporary of Keplerââ¬â¢s who also bought into the notion of a heliocentric solar system and was the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei. But unlike Kepler,à Galileo didnââ¬â¢t believe that planets moved in an elliptical orbit and stuck with the perspective that planetary motions were circular in some way. Still, Galileoââ¬â¢s work produced evidence that helped bolster the Copernican view and in the process further undermine the churchââ¬â¢s position. In 1610, using a telescope he built himself,à Galileo began fixing its lens on the planets and made a series of important discoveries. He found that the moon was not flat and smooth, but had mountains, craters and valleys. He spotted spots on the sun and saw that Jupiter had moons that orbited it, rather than the Earth. Tracking Venus, he found that it had phases like the Moon, which proved that the planet rotated around the sun. Much of his observations contradicted the established Ptolemic notion that all planetary bodies revolved around the Earth and instead supported the heliocentric model. He published some of these earlier observations in the same year under the title Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger). The book, along with subsequent findings led many astronomers to convert to Copernicusââ¬â¢ school of thought and put Galileo in very hot water with the church. Yet despite this, in the years that followed,à Galileo continued his ââ¬Å"hereticalâ⬠ways, which would further deepen his conflict with both the Catholic and Lutheran church. In 1612, he refuted the Aristotelian explanation of why objects floated on water by explaining that it was due to the objectââ¬â¢s weight relative to the water and not because an objectââ¬â¢s flat shape. In 1624,à Galileo got permission to write and publish a description of both the Ptolemic and Copernican systems under the condition that he does not do so in a manner that favors the heliocentric model. The resulting book, ââ¬Å"Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systemsâ⬠was published in 1632 and was interpreted to have violated the agreement. The church quickly launched the inquisition and putà Galileo on trial for heresy. Though he was spared harsh punishment after admitting to have supported Copernican theory, he was put under house arrest for the remainder of his life. Still,à Galileo never stopped his research, publishing several theories until his death in 1642. à à Isaac Newton While both Kepler and Galileoââ¬â¢s work helped to make a case for the Copernican heliocentric system, there was still a hole in the theory. Neither can adequately explain what force kept the planets in motion around the sun and why they moved this particular way. It wasnââ¬â¢t until several decades later that the heliocentric model was proven by the English mathematician Isaac Newton. Isaac Newton, whose discoveries in many ways marked the end of the Scientific Revolution, can very well be considered among one of the most important figures of that era. What he achieved during his time has since become the foundation for modern physics and many of his theories detailed in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) has been called the most influential work on physics. In Principa, published in 1687, Newton described three laws of motion that can be used to help explain the mechanics behind elliptical planetary orbits. The first law postulates that an object that is stationary will remain so unless an external force is applied to it. The second law states that force is equal to mass times acceleration and a change in motion is proportional to the force applied. The third law simply stipulates that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Although it was Newtonââ¬â¢s three laws of motion, along with law of universal gravitation, that ultimately made him a star among the scientific community, he also made several other important contributions to the field of optics, such as building he first practical reflecting telescope and developing a theory of color.
Saturday, November 23, 2019
Amount vs. Number
Amount vs. Number ââ¬Å"Amountâ⬠vs. ââ¬Å"Numberâ⬠ââ¬Å"Amountâ⬠vs. ââ¬Å"Numberâ⬠By Mark Nichol The frequent confusion between amount and number is based on a misunderstanding of a small, simple distinction that the words themselves indicate. Amount refers to quantities that are measured in bulk or mass considered as a whole while number pertains to things that can be counted individually: ââ¬Å"The amount of square footage in the attached shed is enough for a push lawn mower or a small barbecue,â⬠but ââ¬Å"The total number of square feet includes the attached shedââ¬â¢s square footage.â⬠In reference to amount, use the terms little or less or the phrase ââ¬Å"much moreâ⬠: ââ¬Å"The amount left is too little to be of any use.â⬠ââ¬Å"The amount is less than I thought.â⬠ââ¬Å"The amount is much more than we expected.â⬠In reference to number, use the words few or fewer or the phrase ââ¬Å"many moreâ⬠: ââ¬Å"The number of people who have signed up is too few.â⬠ââ¬Å"The number of people here, compared to the number here yesterday, is fewer.â⬠ââ¬Å"The number of people here is many more than we expected.â⬠(Note that more applies to both amount and number.) Either word can be applied to a particular thing as long as the description of the thing is consistent with the distinction between amount and number: One can refer to the amount of fun one has had, but one can also count the number of fun things one has done. Two categories of things that are flexible in terms of these usages are money and time: One can refer to an amount of money or to a number of dollar bills, or to an amount of time or a number of hours: ââ¬Å"The amount of money in the cookie jar has decreasedâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The number of dollar bills in the cookie jar has decreasedâ⬠are both correct, as are ââ¬Å"I need to decrease the amount of hours Iââ¬â¢m scheduled to workâ⬠and ââ¬Å"I need to decrease the number of hours Iââ¬â¢m scheduled to work.â⬠Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsDoes "Mr" Take a Period?Inspiring vs. Inspirational
Thursday, November 21, 2019
The Stranger by Albert Camus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
The Stranger by Albert Camus - Essay Example Meursault's character is a statement about the author's view of the irrationality of the universe and how humans are making it complicated through insisting that life is purposeful. The exposition part of the plot revealed so much about Meursault's concept of the word "emotions." The story began with news that his mother passed away through a telegram. Contrary to the expected reaction of a son who just lost a parent, he did not turn out to be sentimental, or at least sentimental in a masculine way. Instead, he cared more about what day and time his mother died. The diction and tone used by Camus is entirely helpful upon establishing Meursault's persona. To directly say that "Mother died today, or maybe yesterday; I can't be sure" (Camus 4) is a perfect portrayal of being indifference towards the death of a loved one. It is noticeable however, that Meursault is emotionally detached from his own mother, which made sense if he would be the same with the rest of the people around him. T he physical world is more important to him than what really matters according to society's opinion, such as love and the concept of a meaningful life.
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